Peer Reviewed

Photo Quiz

White Spots on the Hair: Does This Woman Have Head Lice?

Volume 58 - Issue 5 - May 2018

  • Answer: Hairspray Residue Buildup

    Upon further questioning, the woman reported using hairspray daily. She noticed that the white spots were most prominent in the areas of her scalp where she sprayed frequently. After ruling out other causes for the lesions via clinical and microscopic examinations, it was deduced that the lesions were due to residue buildup from the patient’s frequent use of hairspray.

     

    DISCUSSION

    The differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with acquired white lesions along the hair shafts is varied and includes pediculosis capitis, hair casts, dandruff, white piedra, trichomycosis, and artifacts such as residue from haircare products or other aerosol products.

    Distinguishing the grayish white nits and eggs in a pediculosis capitis infestation is of prime concern in these patients, given that misdiagnosis may lead to unnecessary treatment and anxiety.1 A proper diagnosis can be made based on clinical or microscopic examination. Patients with head lice will report intense pruritus. On close examination of the scalp, the visualization of nits, nymphs, or adult lice confirms the diagnosis.2 Additionally, nits adhere firmly to the hair shaft; while our patient’s lesions were adherent, microscopic examination revealed a cylindrical mass encompassing the circumference of the hair shaft. This finding is in contrast to the characteristic oval-shaped appearance of a nit, which adheres at an acute angle to only 1 side of the hair shaft.2

    Hair casts, or pseudonits, are another common cause of white bands or nodes along the hair shaft. Hair casts are remnants of the inner root sheath that encircle hair shafts.3 They are typically described as white tubular structures, 2 to 8 mm in length, which encase affected hair shafts.3-6 While the exact pathogenesis remains unknown, hair casts most commonly arise in the setting of inflammatory or scaling conditions of the scalp, including psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, lichen planus, and traction alopecia. The casts are thought to result from the failure of the inner root sheath to disintegrate before the hair emerges from the skin surface. The retained keratinized cells form a cast around the hair shaft, which persists as the hair grows.3-6 Unlike nits, hair casts move freely along the hair shaft.3 The firm adherence of our patient’s lesions to the hair shaft allowed us to rule out a diagnosis of hair casts.

    Given our patient’s background, trichomycosis and white piedra were lower on the differential diagnosis list. Trichomycosis, also referred to as trichobacteriosis, is a relatively common bacterial infection that affects the hair shaft. It results from an invasion by gram-positive Corynebacterium species. On trichoscopic examination, yellowish brown, waxy concretions can be seen attached to the central portion of infected hair shafts, giving them a beaded appearance.7,8 White piedra is a superficial fungal infection caused by Trichosporon species that can affect the hair shaft. The patient will present with numerous, loosely adherent, white nodules distributed along affected hair shafts.7 Trichomycosis and white piedra both have a male predilection, tend to occur in tropical climates, and rarely affect scalp hair.7,8 Even though our initial suspicion for these conditions was low, trichoscopic examination firmly excluded both conditions.

    OUTCOME OF THE CASE

    The patient was counseled on the benign nature of her lesions. It was recommended that she discontinue the use of her hairspray in order to eliminate future residue buildup.

    Karlyn Pollack, BS, is a student at the University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville, Virginia.

    Barbara B. Wilson, MD, is an associate professor in the Department of Dermatology at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.

    REFERENCES:

    1. Infestations, bites, and stings. In: Paller AS, Mancini AJ. Hurwitz Clinical Pediatric Dermatology: A Textbook of Skin Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:428-447.
    2. Lohser SA, Sabella C, Tomecki KJ. Infectious diseases of the childhood, including fungal and viral infections. In: Elzouki AY, Harfi HA, Nazer HM, Stapleton FB, Oh W, Whitley RJ, eds. Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics. Vol 2. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2012:1527-1553.
    3. Diseases of the skin appendages. In: James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM. Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:747-788.
    4. Lokhande AJ, Sutaria A. Adult onset hair casts: nits which do not itch! Int J Trichology. 2017;9(2):70-72.
    5. Lam M, Crutchfield CE III, Lewis EJ. Hair casts: a case of pseudonits. Cutis. 1997;60(5):251-252.
    6. Keipert JA. Hair casts: review and suggestion regarding nomenclature. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122(8):927-930.
    7. Huang C-F, Liaw F-Y, Liu Y-C, Wang W-M. Can you identify this condition? Trichomycosis axillaris (TA). Can Fam Physician. 2013;59(6):647-648.
    8. Rojas Mora E, Frietes Martínez A, Hernández-Núñez A, Borbújo Martínez J. Trichomycosis axillaris: clinical, Wood lamp, and dermoscopic diagnostic images. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2017;108(3):264-266.